CRS Conference 2026

Animal sexuality appears to have the sole function of reproduction. This is in contrast with human sexuality, which also involves reproduction but encompasses far more. While there are articles in the creation literature about plant and animal sexuality, discussion of human sexuality in the creation literature is absent. The first two chapters of Genesis provide insight into marriage and human sexuality, so creation speakers often proclaim God’s institution and plan for marriage, but there is little mention of human sexuality in this context. Since mankind is created in God’s image, we would expect human sexuality to differ from animal sexuality in some fundamental ways, and so the uniqueness of human sexuality is expected from special creation. On the other hand, the uniqueness of human sexuality is not anticipated within the paradigm of evolution. Nevertheless, evolutionists have discussed how the unique, complex human sexual relationship supposedly evolved from primate precursors. Hence, the absence of discussion of human sexuality among creationists is a serious omission. I will discuss some of the unique characteristics of human sexuality and explain some of the evolutionist’s musings about how these characteristics arose among primates. I will counter with a biblical interpretation of these unique characteristics. I will also discuss some of the barriers that make it difficult for creationists (and others) to discuss human sexuality. I trust that my presentation will encourage further discussion of human sexuality among creationists.

Erickson et al. reported (Nature, 2001) that the sauropod dinosaur Apatosaurus reached full adult size in 15 years. Such a short maturation interval for one of the largest land animals ever is counterintuitive. Thomas Lehman and Holly Woodward (Paleobiology, 2008) analyzed the same data but concluded Apatosaurus took more than 100 years to reach full adult size. One difficulty in such studies is that the first fossil growth band is not always visible, forcing researchers to ‘guess’ what age to assign the first band that is visible. In essence Woodward and Lehman performed multiple tests using different ‘trial’ starting ages and took the trial results giving the best fit to a mass-versus-time growth curve. They also reported high ages at maturity for three other sauropods. Moreover, Woodward was the lead author on a recent PeerJ paper, co-authored by polymath Nathan Myhrvold and renowned dinosaur paleontologist John (“Jack”) Horner, that revised the estimated age at maturity for the T. rex “species complex” upward from 25 years to 40 years. In living animals, high ages at maturity are strongly correlated with greater longevity. Since the historical data in Genesis 5 indicate extreme human longevity and some textual indicators of  delayed human maturation, it is hardly surprising that animals in the pre-Flood world, including dinosaurs, would have experienced similar life histories. These higher estimates of age at maturity for large dinosaurs are consistent with long lifespans and add to a growing body of evidence that many pre-Flood animals, including dinosaurs, experienced extreme longevity.

Although Antarctica is approximately the 1.5 times the size of Australia, 98% of its land surface is covered by an average of 2.0 km of ice. Only the coastal regions, the Antarctic Peninsula, the Transantarctic Mountains, and isolated smaller exposures emerge through the ice. In addition, there are numerous scientific drill holes surrounding the continent that provide geological data. We compiled 107 stratigraphic columns across Antarctica, both on and offshore. Seven sedimentary megasequences were correlated and mapped using RockWorks software, including a Precambrian megasequence. Thickness maps and basal lithology maps for each of the megasequences were also constructed. The Tejas Megasequence had both the maximum surface coverage and the maximum sediment volume compared to all other megasequences. This was primarily caused by the large amount of Tejas in the offshore region that encircles the continent. And like most other continents, the Tippecanoe Megasequence had the least coverage and volume. Interestingly, there was a lower percentage of carbonate-rich rocks, chert-rich beds, and salt and gypsum beds compared to most continents. Although the ice coverage only allowed a sampling of the geology across the entire continent, the exposures revealed a progressive flooding pattern, similar to the other six continents. In total, we have compiled 3416 sedimentary rock columns across all seven continents, including every geological province, finding that each continent contains the same types of rocks and fossils, and in the same general order, confirming that the Flood was global, as described in Genesis 7-8.

An extensive research project has been underway for the past several years documenting genetic/genomic mechanisms that contribute to creature adaptation from the scientific literature. This is a sub-project of research into the creationist paradigm of continuous environmental tracking (CET), and is based on the premise that creatures have built-in systems that continuously track and monitor their surroundings and then deploy adaptive responses and solutions. CET is the antithesis to the failed evolutionary paradigm of random genetic mutations that is believed to ‘magically’ produce novel polygenic traits that are fractioned out purposelessly through deadly struggles in a trial-and-error fashion. Instead, the CET model is based on empirical biological data showing that innate mechanisms in creatures have clearly identifiable characteristics of engineered systems, enabling them to track changes to internal and external environmental exposures. These systems bring about a range of adaptive responses targeted to maintain functions/homeostasis and operate similarly through features corresponding to the components of human-engineered tracking systems (sensors, logic-based information processors, effectors).  These tracking systems are also connected to diverse centralized logic and control features in the genome. A summary of 14 different such genetic/genomic mechanisms will be presented and discussed. These systems/features will include: epigenetics, transposable elements, small heritable RNAs, RNA editing, genetic recombination, parallel gene codes, circular RNAs, gene complexity/versatility, three-dimensional genome architecture, tandem repeats, long non-coding RNAs, pseudogenes, orphan genes, engineered genome rearrangements, and standing genetic variation.

The record of sedimentary rocks reveals trillions of fossils worldwide. However, parasites do not fossilize readily and are quite rare. Regardless, different animal fossil taxa are found infected with helminths, arthropods, and possibly protozoa (e.g. Trichomonas). There is also evidence of ectoparasitism with a Siberian flea (Saurophthirus) found in sediments allegedly over 100 Ma. The study of fossil parasites is undertaken using techniques in palaeoecology and paleontology revealing possible ecological relationships of pre-Flood organisms. Conversely, critical examination of the literature shows the fossil record reveals neither the origin or evolution of parasitism. Therefore, evolutionarily speaking, parasites are a mystery. Darwinists appeal to unobserved coevolution and the application of questionable molecular clock methodologies. In addition, the timing of events and the resolution of the nature of the close relationships between parasite and host in deep time remain a challenge for evolution. Indeed, the fossil record reveals many parasite taxa (e.g. the pentastome Heymonsicambria scandica from the Late Cambrian) that have remained unchanged in their patterns of host relationship and general morphology. Amberology reveal well-preserved Phthiraptera, Siphonaptera and helminths. For evolution theory this means stasis for many millions of years. For example, coprolites reveal protozoan ova, flukes and roundworms much like what is found today. They are still an underexplored source of parasite fossils and no doubt will unearth more evidence of parasitism in the pre-Flood world filled with violence. Paleoparasitolgy demonstrates parasites have always been parasites. They may provide a more complete picture of ecosystems before the Flood.

The extraordinary exposures of bedrock in the Doe River Gorge (DRG), have been studied and interpreted by the author using the progressive flood model.  The DRG is in Hampton, Tennessee and is part of the Appalachian mountain region of northeast Tennessee.  Previous work concludes that the gorge lies within the Mountain City tectonic window.  The overlying base of the blue ridge thrust sheet was removed by erosion during the Tejas megasequence exposing the underlying Sauk megasequence within the Mountain City window. The Great Unconformity is well exposed within the gorge and is formed by contact between the Precambrian Beech Granite and Cranberry Gneiss and the adjacent Cambrian clastic rock formations of the Chilhowee Group.  The Cambrian quartzite is equivalent to the Tapeats sandstone and other worldwide basal sandstone flood rocks.  The sedimentary clastic rocks were originally deposited rapidly as horizontal, flat-lying soft sediments along the continental margin of North America during the Sauk megasequence.  The deposition occurred during the initial moments of the worldwide flood event and later moved northwest to their current location during the Absaroka megasequence.  The presence of unmetamorphosed sandstone and shale layers adjacent to quartzite indicates that shallow low pressure hydrothermal processes were present.  Expansive rock exposures in the gorge show characteristics of rapid and simultaneous soft sediment deposition of multiple layers of sandstone, shale, and mud rock, that include tight folding with no fracturing, rip-up clasts of shale buried within sandstone, ripple marks, tafoni, and the presence of Skolithos trace fossils within multiple quartzite layers.

Marine invertebrates account for more than 90% of animal diversity across the world’s ocean. Their global distribution requires reproduction and oceanic dispersal of motile, transitory larval stages that settle on the seafloor and metamorphose into definitive adult bodyplans. It is the most common developmental pathway among animals, affirming that diverse organisms develop similar adaptations within similar environments. As a developmental biologist, my investigations indicate that almost all marine larvae possess ciliary bands and sensory organs (cnidarians, annelids, mollusks, crustaceans, echinoderms, etc.) that guide settlement activity upon seafloor substrates. Sensorial targets include microbial biofilms, diatoms, macroalgae, organic chemistry, and more. Conventional researchers suggest that larvae ‘actively test’ substrates for cues and inducers. However, this language is misleading. Chemical navigation and settlement require an integrated set of peripheral sensors, an internal processing center (brain), and effectors (ciliation, attachment). This presentation will highlight marine invertebrate larval form and function, and the intricate genetic, neural, and anatomical elements of their shared functionality. Results from my research and literature reviews will include: (1) patterns of gene expression that determine developmental subregions within digestive organ systems; (2) confocal laser scanning micrographs of apical sensory organs that facilitate larval navigation; (3) molecular regulation of settlement and metamorphosis in a sea urchin by localization of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and cGMP in ciliary bands; and (4) asexual cloning in pelagic starfish larvae. Importantly, these examples will broaden support for ICR’s model of Continuous Environmental Tracking (CET), and introduce the notably underrepresented field of developmental biology to creation science.

In the 1970s, Dr. Donald Johanson and his team announced the discovery of Lucy, a 3½-foot-tall skeleton they identified as an ape-man (hominin)—a transitional figure between apes and modern humans. The researchers initially claimed Lucy walked fully upright, had feet, knees, and a pelvis resembling those of humans. However, in subsequent years, other evolutionary scientists disputed these assertions. Today, many experts no longer view Lucy as a direct human ancestor, nor do they believe she possessed human-like lower limbs or pelvis. At the Smithsonian Museum, Lucy is now illustrated climbing out of a tree with features reminiscent of a gorilla, including a bent posture and opposable big toe. Modern evolutionary diagrams today represent Lucy as part of a side branch rather than a central link to humanity.

Deconstructing how Johanson and his team made their errors is important so that we do not repeat these types of mistakes in the future. In this presentation, each false claim Johanson, Lovejoy, and White made in their initial interpretation is dissected. This is only possible using a side-by-side comparison of Lucy’s bones, ape bones, and human bones. This comparative approach suggests that Lucy exhibits features consistent with a quadrupedal ape.

We focus on desiccation cracks that formed on Day 3 of the creation week after the separation of the water from land. As water left the aggregated soil, dirt, and rocks, cracks grew through the earth’s crust. Did these desiccation cracks cause large enough stress concentration factors to help initiate the subduction event that led to catastrophic plate tectonics during the worldwide Genesis Flood? We study possible depths and widths of cracks associated with fracture mechanics in order to assess the continental breakup of the Pannotian and Pangean continents related to the Flood of Noah’s Day.  When John Baumgardner and Heechen Cho run catastrophic plate tectonics finite element simulations, they employ a discontinuity of cold/hot material at the crustal surface that immediately starts the subduction when the calculation starts. This cold blob of material is arbitrarily applied. In our study, we try to decrease the arbritrariness by employing real possible physical mechanisms that could induce the same initiating subduction to incite the catastrophic plate tectonics. To resolve this dilemma, fracture-mechanics analysis was performed on a variety of parameters that affected the Day 3 crack lengths, widths, and depths: material type, depth of mudstone, and expanse of mudstone. The approximate 1650 years difference between Day 3 and the start of the Flood would have also induced mechanical creep behavior that could also affect the crack driving force associated with continental weakening. These results provide a physics-based argument of showing the possible initiating possible mechanism that started the worldwide Genesis Flood.

One of the greatest questions facing creation biology is understanding the mechanisms of diversification that operated post-flood to generate the thousands of land-dwelling vertebrate species that inhabit Earth today. The phenotypic differences between modern species within the same “kind” must result from either the assortment of pre-existing genetic variation carried by the representatives on the ark or from de novo genetic changes that have arisen in their post-flood lineages. Building a library of genetic variants within a well-established “kind” will help distinguish between these two sources of variation. 

With approximately 11,000 species, birds are the most successful vertebrate group that colonized the post-flood world. Among the estimated 196 avian kinds on the ark, woodpeckers (Family Picidae) are an iconic group noted for their peculiar habit of “knocking-on-wood”, a lifestyle made possible by their well-suited anatomical features. Creationists have proposed that woodpeckers (along with wrynecks and piculets) constitute a single holobaramin based on hybridization records and baraminic distance correlation focused on hind limb musculature. In this presentation, we will outline current and future efforts to use woodpeckers as a case-study in baraminology that includes 1) using existing molecular data to refine the woodpecker’s baraminological status, 2) sequencing additional woodpecker genomes to reconstruct the Picidae family tree, and 3) compiling an exhaustive catalog of genetic changes that have arisen in the woodpecker kind post-flood. By determining the full extent of genetic diversity within a single kind, we will then be able to start looking for the mechanisms responsible for generating this diversity.

The idea of feathered dinosaurs continues to be evangelized by the scientific community and used in the classroom as supposed proof of bird evolution. This study seeks to provide a clear, well-researched, holistic response to this interpretation.

This research examines a recent Theropod Working Group data set (Turner et al. 2021) which contains 157 “theropod” genera including extinct dinosaurs, extinct birds, five extant birds, and numerous maniraptorans. The hypothesis is that only birds possess pennaceous feathers. This was tested by comparing the anatomy of feathered genera (birds and maniraptors found with pennaceous feathers) with that of non-maniraptoran dinosaurs. Differing characters were identified by calculating a feature separation metric (total variation distance). These characters were filtered by confirming which were avian traits by observing their presence and function in extant avian taxa. The resulting forty-five characters are functionally associated with avian-specific features such as the wing, avian hip/hindlimb structure, cranial differences, and flexible neck for preening. These characters were then used to analyze avian trait distribution across the whole data set.

The results show that the genera in the data set consistently fall into either the avian or dinosaurian groups, not into some transitional or intermediate group. There is also a clear correlation between ambiguity of avian/dinosaurian identity and a lack of data and increased chance of disarticulation. The results confirm the hypothesis that only birds have been found with pennaceous feathers and that these forty-five criteria can be used to help with ongoing avian/dinosaurian identification.

Rocks representing the critical time period from the late stages of the Global Flood to the early post-Flood period are recorded in the Laramide basins of North America which include a substantially complete sedimentary and volcanic record from the Upper Cretaceous through the Pleistocene series. Proponents of both Cretaceous-Paleogene and Upper Cenozoic Flood/post-Flood boundaries point to this region for evidential support, which highlights longstanding differences in interpretational methodologies. A greater consensus among creation scientists regarding the upper flood boundary will lead to greater harmony, better future research results, and a more united stand for truth. This study aims to build that consensus by collaboratively broadening Flood-related process research in this critical region from differing boundary perspectives. This study combines diverse published geological datasets and new field observations conducted in June. Specific methodologies include detrital zircon source-to-sink sedimentology, coal thermal maturation modeling, igneous geochemistry, and Flood boundary criteria suites. Prior collaborations have focused on the Green River Formation in the Greater Green River basin, but left many disagreements unresolved. Records of key events in the progression of the Flood are preserved in widespread locations throughout the region. This study hopes to remove ambiguity and bring us closer to a consensus model with the inclusion of more data. We report on our initial findings from published and field data with particular emphasis on consensus interpretations, outstanding questions, and changes to previously published interpretations.

The degree of similarity between humans and chimpanzees is central to studies of origins. Early genomic comparisons suggested approximately 98.5% similarity; however, despite this apparent resemblance, the two species exhibit major physiological differences, prompting investigation into how similar DNA sequences can yield divergent biology. Variations in gene expression and downstream processing of complex genomes are likely key contributors. A major goal in comparative biology is to map and characterize expressed proteins, as these more directly reflect phenotypes. To evaluate this more rigorously, we performed state-of-the-art 4D mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics of serum proteins (Gene, 990, 150058, 2026) and found that 44% of the identified serum proteins are dissimilar. When shared proteins with differential expression are included, the dissimilarity rises to 66%. The research is ongoing, and we are currently identifying suitable samples to perform single-cell proteomics using mass spectrometry, focusing on regions such as brain cells — particularly neuronal regions involved in speech and reasoning. Other promising samples for proteomic similarity evaluation are also being considered, such as skin cells, since dermal fibroblasts are well suited for comparing proteome turnover kinetics across species, and liver tissue, which is useful for assessing internal physiological similarity. The liver is functionally crucial since its proteins are relatively “conserved” across species. The great differences in these proteomes are interpreted as consistent with the biblical account that humans and chimpanzees were created as distinct beings with different purposes. These studies are also inspired by Job 12:7–9, which encourages learning from nature as evidence of creation.

The persistence of collagen and other proteins in ancient, fossilized remains is a significant challenge to the conventional ages assigned to these bones. However, measuring bone collagen decay rates under real-world conditions is challenging due to the durable nature of collagen. Therefore, high temperature experiments are used to estimate the activation energy and half-life of peptide bonds in bone collagen and then relate these to real-world conditions. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) has been used to measure bone collagen decay by tracking the loss of the Amide I peak (peptide bonds) over time. Previously, we employed this technique to measure the decay rates of avian, reptilian, and mammalian bone collagen in a neutral, aqueous environment. Having established this baseline, we are using FTIR to test the influence of iron in extending the “life-expectancy” of collagen. Bone fragments were subjected to four iron treatments, and the persistence of collagen peptide bonds was monitored over time. Using these data, we built a decay regression model that attempts to relate a relative measure of the peptide bonds to time while also accounting for different iron treatments.  Using this model, we intend to test for significant differences in the decay of peptide bonds across the different iron treatments. This work-in-progress will provide a direct assessment of the efficacy of iron in preserving collagen through deep time and can also be used to test other proposed preservation methods.

Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) and high Cenozoic Flood boundary proponents both point to the Laramide Province (southern Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and northern New Mexico) as key evidence for their interpretations. This research program aims to bridge gaps between these positions, promoting clearer understanding, improved future research, and greater unity.

The Laramide Province comprises 20 sedimentary basins and many intervening uplifts generated by the Laramide Orogeny. This program applies a multidisciplinary approach, integrating structural geology, tectonics, stratigraphy, sedimentology, petrology, geomorphology, glaciology, pedology, geochronology, hydrology (modern and paleo-watersheds), climatology, paleoclimatology, paleontology, biostratigraphy, and paleoecology. A primary goal is to develop a correlated timeline across these disciplines.

The research team defines the Flood lithostratigraphically rather than chronostratigraphically, identifying Flood-related deposits by sediment-laden emplacement or erosional features associated with its recessional phase.

Cenozoic formations (Paleocene through Pleistocene) within Wyoming basins record a complex tectonic, depositional, and erosional history. In many basins, 1–4 km (0.6–2.5 miles) of sediment has been removed. Interpreted within a 5,000–10,000-year framework, this implies significant erosion since Flood recession.

Estimated erosion rates are evaluated across climatic intervals, including flood recessional (sheet and channelized flow), post-flood, glacial, post-glacial, and modern conditions. These analyses provide a framework for reconstructing basin-scale erosional histories and refining interpretations of upper Flood boundaries.

Jaundice, involving the yellowing of skin due to bilirubin accumulation, has been an intense area of research for improving neonatal brain health for decades due to its global occurrence rates, especially in underdeveloped countries. Although the majority of the literature exclusively portrays bilirubin as a byproduct of heme metabolism with deleterious effects, in reality, this molecule has known antioxidant properties necessary for human and primate life, such as promoting cell membrane integrity. In order to better comprehend the resultant pharmacological implications across organs, a mathematical model of differential equations was developed to study the metabolic routes of bilirubin through the bloodstream, the liver, the intestines, and the kidneys. Lastly, the binding affinities of human serum albumin, a common protein in the bloodstream, with 4Z,15Z-bilirubin IXα were calculated via molecular docking software in order to elucidate how unconjugated bilirubin is transported in the blood. By changing parameters known to vary between humans and chimpanzees, insights can be gleaned from this model as to how this metabolic equilibrium is maintained across species, potentially forcing a future reassessment of current macrochemical evolution theories in favor of special creation. Overall, the hope of this work is to extend the conversation of chemical evolution beyond the building blocks of living matter into larger molecules, such as endogenous xenobiotics, and their necessary interactions within an alleged organism.

Dozens of peer-reviewed papers describe the remains of soft tissue and biomolecules in mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, bivalves, plants, and other organisms. These biomaterials include blood vessels, red blood cells, framboids, osteocytes, dentine, collagen and various other types of protein, and even DNA.

According to evolutionists, DNA and proteins cannot exist longer than 1–4 million years. The existence of soft tissue and other biomaterials in fossils refutes the evolutionary narrative. Rather, this shows that organisms are young, and that these remains were created under special conditions, such as during the Flood.

The goal of the Ancient Soft Tissue Atlas is to collect and annotate microscopic images of alleged ancient biomaterials and integrate them into an online website. Images taken from peer-reviewed papers will be augmented by images made by us, amounting to at least 1,000 images.

The user can search for images based on species, tissue type, eon, collection site, or a text-based query. Each image is annotated based on species, cell type, tissue type, eon, collection site, microscopic technology, and magnification. Each image is described in a short paragraph. The user can download the resulting list of images. The database is built using React and the JSON data format.

The goal of the database is for users to study ancient biomaterials in detail. Hundreds of images showing biomaterials from allegedly ancient soft tissues is a clear demonstration of the young earth creation model. Other creationist researchers will be encouraged to submit their own images of ancient soft tissues.

The Great Appalachian Seashell Debate of the late 17th century to the early 19th century is an important, but overlooked, chapter in the history of geology by both secular and creationist geological historians. This discussion amongst early naturalists of the time concerns the then-new discovery of fossilized clam- and oyster-like seashells (now known as brachiopods) in the strata uplifted to form the Appalachian Mountain range. The importance of this debate is that it demonstrates how the early shift from a Noah’s Flood explanation of these strata and fossils was less based on the observable evidence itself, but more paradigm-driven and the result of a general lack of interest in developing a testable model to explain the data within a Flood paradigm. This report is a literature analysis from scientists involved in the debate, which demonstrates what evidence they found of interest, how they interpreted it, and how often the Flood was quietly removed from the discussion without actually being falsified. We also observe that the Great Appalachian Seashell Debate serves as an important link in the logic linking the rise of uniformitarianism to ideals conceived in the womb of the Enlightenment Period.

Since the publication of the Origin of Species in 1859, those who doubted the naturalistic philosophical grounding of Darwin’s theory, but also its explanatory adequacy as science, have understandably been preoccupied with critiquing that theory. This practice of what we might call “Boo Evolution!” can easily become habitual, and mistaken for a positive theory of creation or design. Recent thinking, however, in both the creation science and intelligent design communities, has stressed the need, finally, to “let the dead bury the dead” (Lk 9:60), in order to build a theory of origins which is not parasitic on the failures of mainstream evolutionary theory. Design triangulation represents a promising method of biological inquiry where the investigator starts with a design premise, and uses top-down causal inference, functional necessity relations, and the possibility of aboriginal discontinuities, to discover previously unobserved systems and entities in living things. Starting with design frees one from having to sift through naturalistic rubbish for the nth time. Once the dead are buried, let them rest in peace – and move on.

The Intcal20 radiocarbon calibration curve extends back to 14000 years before present (BP) based on dendrochronology, contradicting the biblical timescale. The simplest explanation for this contradiction is that ancient trees may have formed multiple rings per year, while the IntCal20 “calBP” scale assumes one ring per year. A curious feature of the IntCal20 curve is the deviation of the line representing tree-ring count versus calBP from the line representing c14 age versus calBP for tree rings older than 2500 BP. This feature suggests multiple rings per year in the older trees. To test this hypothesis, the Solar Cycle is used as an independent timescale to test the calBP scale. Four tree-ring series with annually resolved c14 values were obtained and analyzed by Fourier Transform to identify the Solar Cycle, a spike in c14 occurring every 10 to 11 years. The average Solar Cycle period spanned 10.4 tree rings for the last millennium AD, 13.2 tree rings for the first millennium BC, 16.3 tree rings for 3573-3459 calBP, and was biphasic with periods of 16.0 and 18.3 tree rings for 3629-3501 calBP. 

Assuming a stable Solar Cycle of 10 to 11 years, the increasing tree rings per cycle indicate that there are multiple rings per year before 2500 BP, and the calBP scale is not a linear timescale but a tree ring count. The IntCal20 curve should be revised to be compatible with the biblical timescale.

Present day watershed maps and mountain ranges offer a key to understanding geomorphological features. This study will focus on the Colorado River watershed with a special emphasis on the Green River component. Watershed maps were utilized to map the 4 major components of the Colorado River (pre-Grand Canyon) followed by careful examination of the mountain ranges that ‘funneled’ the water flow during the receding phase of the Genesis Flood. Using the concepts of the rising mountains (and lowering basins) of Psalm 104, the author made predictions of waterflow. With the aid of Google Earth, these predictions were refined. This was followed with a field trip that utilized drone arial photography to aid confirmation of the watershed theory. 

The Green River is very difficult to access due to its rugged topography and many flight limitations due to landownership. Many locations required 4 x 4 travel and flying the drone 2-5 miles to obtain the needed view.  This river demonstrated (on maps and Google Earth) the presence of deep canyons cutting through mountains, even splitting one demanding an examination. The Uinta Range in Utah proved to be a barrier to the southern progression of the Green River ‘funnel’ resulting in water cresting over the eastern portion of the range before the river eventually cut through two mountains. Arial photography was the primary tool for the visual confirmation process.

Over the past few decades, dozens of studies have characterized microbes in geological samples from Precambrian to Holocene. Such findings were initially dismissed as modern environmental contamination. However, with accumulating reports using rigorous sterilization techniques, the identity of these microbes as genuine residents in the geological formations has been generally accepted. We argue from several lines of empirical evidence that these organisms are not as old as claimed. First, even the most enduring form of life, bacterial endospores, suffer chemical decay that limit their half-lives to hundreds of years. The same range of half lives has been independently calculated from amino acid decay kinetics and from spore counts in seafloor sediments. Prokaryotes can also persist in another form called long-term stationary phase (LTSP). One experiment calculated that spore-forming bacteria can survive in LTSP for as long as 100,000 years. Duration of LTSP is ultimately confined by thermodynamics of biological processes. Secondly, the genes of the ancient bacteria appear modern. The universal molecular clock, based on the 16S rRNA, shows that most of the ancient microbes are 98-99% homologous to modern relatives, limiting their age to tens of millions of years. When quantities of endospores were plotted against age, spore quantities display an exponential decline down the geological column. However, beyond ~14.2 thousand years, spore quantities decreased only slightly. From the spore count alone, it appears that much of the sediments beyond 14 thousand years were laid down in a short period of time.

While radiocarbon (C14) dating is often presented as an accurate chronological tool, a significant body of recent secular archaeological research expresses significant skepticism regarding its reliability in the ancient Middle East. This presentation first details specific instances where historically anchored data contradicts C14 results, such as Bietak’s work at Avaris, where C14 dates appear 100–150 years too old, and remains at Nineveh that date two centuries prior to the city’s documented fall in 612 BC.

The second objective is to demonstrate how secular explanations for these anomalies—specifically localized "old carbon" contamination from seismic or volcanic sources—can be extrapolated into a comprehensive global model. This paper proposes that a Global Flood provides a scientifically recognized mechanism for such a discrepancy on a worldwide scale. Massive upwellings of carbon-14-depleted "old water" and global tectonic activity would effectively reset the atmospheric C14 clock, providing a unified explanation for global systemic misdating.

Finally, this review identifies dendrochronology as a critical area for future investigation, as these multi-millennial records form the basis for C14 calibration. A methodological framework is proposed to evaluate the robustness of these chronologies, focusing on the transparency of raw data, the statistical rigor of tree-ring "bridges," and the security of cross-matching correlations across disparate samples.

The article “Evaluating potential post-Flood boundaries with biostratigraphy – the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary” published by Dr. Marcus Ross in 2012 has been influential in the Flood boundary discussions. In his paper, he evaluated the proposed placement of the post Flood boundary at the Pliocene/Pleistocene (Neogene-Quaternary) using  biostratigraphic analysis. He examined a dataset with 303 genera from North America terrestrial mammals. His findings imply that the pattern of over 96% of families crossing the N-Q boundary is not consistent with the expected post-Flood animal dispersal. He argues that this would undermine the placement of a higher Flood boundary, and instead favors the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary model. 

The research in progress assesses the fossil data used in the article by analyzing the fossil quality of the families and genera mentioned in Dr. Ross’ paper. The original publication of each genus will be examined to investigate the fossil material found (what was found, preservation quality, degree of articulation) and location (strata/basin). An updated evaluation will also be performed to explore any changes and revisions, including synonymy or additional fossil material finds. All this information might help to understand the reliability of the data and taxonomic stability for any future Flood boundary debate.

Surface structure plays a critical role in determining how materials interact with their environment, influencing wettability, microbial adhesion, wear, corrosion, and mass transport. In response to the growing demand for advanced surface technologies, surface engineering has become an important industrial field for modifying metals, polymers, and ceramics to improve performance, durability, and functionality. Created living organisms show highly effective design strategies for controlling surface behavior, as demonstrated by flower petals, beetle cuticles, and eggshells, which exhibit distinctive topographies and functional properties. In this study, these natural surfaces were examined to elucidate the relationship between surface architecture and hydrophobic behavior. Experimental measurements of contact angles ranged from 139° to 152°, indicating superhydrophobic behavior, underscoring the effectiveness of biomimetic surface design. In addition, nanotextures fabricated on titanium surfaces showed potential antibacterial performance, indicating their relevance for biomedical applications. Along with the experimental work, molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to investigate how nanotexture geometry and chemistry affect water–surface interfacial energy and wetting behavior at the molecular scale. Collectively, the experimental and computational results demonstrate that surface engineering inspired by natural design principles provides a promising route for developing multifunctional materials for both biomedical and industrial applications.

Biblical chronology has long been characterized by fragmentation, unresolved tensions, and reliance on externally imposed calendrical systems. These challenges have hindered the development of a unified framework consistent with a biblical creation model. This study introduces Chronos, a computational implementation of Systematic Biblical Chronology (SBC), a method that derives chronological structure directly from the internal data of Scripture. SBC treats genealogies, regnal data, synchronisms, and temporal markers as interlocking constraints, reconstructing a continuous timeline anchored in a derived Canonical Calendar. Chronos operationalizes this method as a relational database, enabling the extraction, measurement, and correlation of all datable biblical events at both year-level and day-level precision where the text permits. Results demonstrate that biblical chronological data form a coherent and internally consistent system extending from Creation to the present. Key chronological anchors—including the Exodus, monarchy, exile, and the crucifixion—align within a single framework while remaining consistent with independently verifiable historical and astronomical data. The system also resolves longstanding chronological difficulties without requiring modification of the biblical text. Critically, Chronos establishes a mathematically testable and falsifiable chronological model that serves as a universal baseline for creation research, enabling competing assumptions to be evaluated by their measurable effects on the full chronological system.

The observed universe contains an overwhelming dominance of matter over antimatter, a fact that stands in sharp contrast with the near-perfect matter–antimatter symmetry predicted by the Standard Big Bang Model. This massive asymmetry is the antimatter problem for the Big Bang. Creationists have used the antimatter problem as an argument against the Big Bang Model for years. It is usually presented very quickly and not in depth. This has been the case for both talks and articles. This talk will dig into the issue at a much deeper level. 

First, we will explain why the matter-antimatter asymmetry is a problem for the Big Bang Model. The formation of matter and antimatter from energy will be discussed. Conservation of charge and experimental results predict a complete symmetry of matter to antimatter. 

Second, the talk proceeds to the Sakharov conditions, which define the necessary ingredients for dynamically generating a baryon asymmetry and explains why the Standard Model fails to satisfy them at the required level.

Third, the talk will survey the leading proposed mechanisms, including GUT baryogenesis, electroweak baryogenesis, leptogenesis, Affleck–Dine scenarios, and asymmetric dark matter frameworks. For each, I highlight both its conceptual appeal and the theoretical or experimental limitations that currently prevent it from serving as a complete solution.

Finally, the antimatter problem remains unresolved and is unlikely to be resolved soon. The antimatter problem is a very strong argument against the Big Bang Model.

All biological theories have unanswered questions and their revisions should be scrutinized in professional forums. Background: The continuous environmental tracking (CET) model depicts adaptation as the outcome of purposeful mechanisms within the new engineering-based, organism-focused theory of biological design (TOBD). For creationists, CET is the antithesis to random mutations being fractioned out purposelessly through deadly struggles in a trial-and-error fashion. CET hypothesizes that: creatures have innate mechanisms bearing identifiable characteristics of engineered systems enabling them to track changes to internal and external environmental exposures; these systems bring about a range of adaptive responses targeted to maintain functions/homeostasis. And these biological systems operate analogously through system elements corresponding to the components of human-engineered tracking systems (sensors, logic-based information processors, effectors). Key Question: Are there molecular linkages between exposure and adaptive trait changes that correspond to human tracking-system elements? Methodology: CET was refined by incorporating findings in literature reviews on the models of: percomorph fishes (Cichlidae), polar bear (Ursus maritimus), bird (Junco hyemalis), and fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster). Results: As one example, experiments exposing juvenile cichlids to foraging, by either scraping rocks or sucking, revealed different jaw forms in only 28 days post exposure. A ciliary rootlet mechanical-force sensor located in the developing jaw was discovered that transduces data internally for analysis. Although hundreds of genes were differentially expressed, the ciliary rootlet coiled-coil protein 2 (crocc2) and the Hedgehog effector signaling pathway are respectively implicated in mechanotransduction modulation and regulating cell cycles to adaptively shape cichlid jaws across species and environments.

The demographic plausibility of the Israelite population at the Exodus has long been debated, with most analyses relying on simple exponential or generational growth models. Although recent work has incorporated stochastic elements, these studies typically report broad parameter ranges without systematically identifying the demographic regimes capable of reproducing the biblical census figures. Here, we present an age-structured modeling framework combining Leslie matrix projection with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to reconstruct Israelite population dynamics during the Egyptian sojourn. Our model targets both the total male population aged 20 and above and the proportion of males between ages 30 and 50 at the Exodus, as recorded in the biblical text. We consider both a short (215-year) and a long (430-year) sojourn, subdividing each into two demographic regimes: an initial phase of uninhibited exponential growth followed by an oppressed-growth phase incorporating the infanticidal Edict against newborn males. A swarm of 1,000 particles, each encoding 50 demographic parameters — including age-dependent survival, fertility schedules, polygamy rates, and the timing and duration of oppression and the Edict — is evaluated by the Leslie matrix at each iteration, while the adaptive PSO algorithm drives convergence toward a global optimum. For each sojourn scenario, we recover full population trajectories and age pyramids consistent with the biblical record and discuss the implied social and biological conditions at the Exodus. Our results demonstrate the demographic feasibility of the biblical accounts under specific but plausible parameter combinations, highlighting the value of regime-specific, optimization-driven modeling in ancient population studies.

The evolutionary Big Bang Hypothesis proclaims an inflation and expansion of the cosmos is the prevailing secular cosmological model of the universe's origin, derived from Einstein's (1916) General Theory of Relativity. Torsion is a feature in advanced cosmological models—specifically the Einstein (1916)-Cartan (1922)-Kibble (1961)-Sciama (1962) (ECKS) theory—which modifies the standard Big Bang theory to prevent the initial singularity. A better explanation anchored in experimental data is that God’s hand torqued the universe on Day 2 of Creation when He created the “raqia” or cosmic fabric (Tenev and Horstemeyer, 2018). Horstemeyer and Tenev (2024) recently provided proof of God’s existence by employing Hooke’s Law, the General Theory of Relativity, and Cauchy’s Law. In Cauchy’s Law, the internal stress state is defined with connection to the traction force, t. In this presentation, we propose that the traction force, t, included a torsion boundary condition that induced rotations from the grandest length scale in the cosmos all the way down to the smallest of length scales.  Rotations from the superclusters of galaxies down to the smallest particles of quarks and leptons have a spin that would be expected if God torqued the universe at the beginning. We discuss torsion in detail with respect to its relation in cosmology, softening effects, axial lengthening, and kinematic behaviors to illustrate the plausibility of God torquing the universe on Day 2 of the Creation Week.  To the authors’ knowledge, this idea has never been presented before.

The avian skeletal system exhibits a highly integrated structural architecture optimized for powered flight, including pneumatized bones, a keeled sternum, skeletal fusion, and specialized wing morphology. These features function as an irreducibly integrated system in which aerodynamic performance, structural integrity, and energy efficiency are tightly coupled. From an engineering perspective, this system reflects coordinated optimization principles such as strength-to-weight ratio, load distribution, and elastic energy storage, requiring simultaneous functional coherence. Incremental evolutionary explanations face significant challenges, as intermediate forms lacking key components would likely be aerodynamically ineffective or energetically disadvantageous. Furthermore, despite ecological diversity among birds, the underlying skeletal framework remains highly conserved, indicating variation within a fixed structural pattern rather than the emergence of novel architectures. The absence of clearly demonstrated transitional skeletal systems capable of sustained powered flight further complicates gradualist models. In contrast, the avian skeletal system is more coherently understood as the product of a unified design framework consistent with intentional creation. This interpretation is supported by the persistence of this structural paradigm across avian kinds, suggesting continuity of design under varying environmental conditions. Accordingly, the avian skeleton provides a compelling model for understanding biological systems as integrated, purpose-driven architectures rather than outcomes of undirected processes.

Following creationist Pioneer, Henry Morris, most biblical creationists date Job to the early post-Flood era, before Abraham. This presentation proposes an alternative view, that Job was Jobab, an Edomite king (Genesis 36) and a descendant of Abraham through the line of Esau. Supporting evidence comes from the internal witness of Scripture, including multiple geographical and linguistic markers. For example, contrary to the popular view that Uz is in northern Syria or Mesopotamia, Lamentations 4:21 tells us that Edom is in the Land of Uz. Likewise, Job’s first companion was Eliphaz the Temanite. This corresponds with Genesis 36, where Esau’s firstborn is Eliphaz, and Eliphaz’s firstborn is Teman, the chief/king of the Temanites. It will be shown that at least three out of the four counselors in Job can be associated with post-Abrahamic cities, and all of them are ‘kings’. Job was probably an Edomite contemporary of Jacob who lived during the time of Israel’s sojourn in Egypt. A survey of ancient commentaries show that this is not a novel view. This analysis will include the Hebrew Scripture, writings from the early church Fathers and the Rabbinic literature, the Jewish apocrypha, and the Septuagint, with special emphasis on the ending of Job in the Greek text. Finally, we draw out implications for future creationist research, especially how this shapes our understanding of Behemoth, and how the book of Job interacts with any model that deal with extinction, speciation, lifespan, and post-Flood climate.

Nuclear physics theory is examined as it relates to our ability to estimate ages of rocks. These estimates involve assumptions which could be responsible for extreme age estimates which dominate current scientific discussion and tend to lend support to evolutionary worldviews. The strong nuclear force and the weak nuclear force enter prominently into this theory. Here we examine how variations may be important. In particular, variation in the strength of the weak nuclear force is tied to variation in quark masses, proton masses, neutron masses, and the masses of uranium nuclei involved in dating. It is shown how the variation may increase the importance of the self- energy of the nucleus due to the weak nuclear force, leading to a change in nuclear mass and enabling possible change in decay mode. Besides dating rocks in general, we seek to provide corrections to the age estimates provided by a theory for the variation of the weak nuclear force. One example to be discussed involves some extinct sharks found in the relatively recent fossil record.

Psychological theories offer valuable insights into behavior, development, and mental health, yet they often provide fragmented accounts of human nature. This article presents the Image–Fall–Formation model, a biblically grounded framework that interprets human behavior in light of the doctrine of creation. The model begins with the claim that humans were created in the image of God, which provides the basis for dignity, moral awareness, relational needs, and meaning-seeking. It then incorporates the doctrine of the Fall to explain persistent moral conflict and self-deception, and the principle of formation to explain how habits, relationships, and repeated practices shape character over time. The study uses a theoretical integration method, comparing core biblical claims about human nature with findings from psychological research on self-awareness, moral intuition, altruism, belonging, meaning, and habit formation. Research on infant moral preferences, the need for belonging, the pursuit of meaning, and the effectiveness of habit-based change programs is examined for convergence with the model’s three components. Results show that empirical findings consistently align with the biblical claims of inherent dignity, moral conflict, and formational development. This convergence suggests that the Image–Fall–Formation model provides a more coherent account of the human person than secular theories alone. The findings support the conclusion that psychological evidence is consistent with the biblical creation model and that the explanatory power of the Image–Fall–Formation framework reflects the underlying truth of the Christian understanding of human origins and nature.