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For
in six days the LORD made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and
all that is in them...
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Table I. The mean fertility x and the optimal fertility x0 in plant, animal and human population |
No.1 Species and source of data n2 x x0
1 Oat (Avena sativa) Sample 1 99 36.2 646
2 Sample 2 112 38.0 ¥3
3 Sample 3 119 45.9 ¥
4 Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Sample 1 116 6.8 ¥
5 Sample 2 120 20.2 74.4
6 Grouse (Lagopus scoticus) 153 7.52 ¥
7 Partridge (Perdix perdix) 3916 14.6 ¥
8 Wood duck (Aix sponsa) 63 13.8 ¥
9 White-bellied swift (Apus melba) 885 2.56 5.87
10 Black swift (Apus apus) 171 1.99 3.09
11 125 2.0 5.3
12 83 2.16 14.1
13 Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) Early broods 3516 4.48 7.84
14 Late broods 1150 3.89 5.06
15 Great tit (Parus major) Early broods 431 7.21 14.2
16 Late broods 196 5.69 8.43
17 Early broods 235 9.06 ¥
18 Blue tit (P. caeruleus) 181 10.4 20.1
19 Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) 1104 2.73 5.20
20 Sheep (Ovis sp.) 1-year-old ewes 515834 1.32 5.044
21 Older ewes 2.93
22 Human (Homo sapiens) Caucasians of the >10005 1.0125 3.27
USA 1929–1931
23 England and Wales 8.83
1956–1960
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1References for items: 1–5: Data obtained by the author in 1993; 6: Jenkins et al. 1963, quoted from Wynne-Edwards 1964; 7: Lack 19476; 8: Leopold 19516; 9: Lack & Arn 19476; 10: Lack & Lack 19516; 11: Perrins & Lack 1964; 12: Data obtained by the author in 1999; 13–14: Lack 19486; 15–17: Lack 19506; Lack et al. 1957; 18: Lack et al. 1957; 19: Wright & Eaton 19296; 20–21: Bradford 1987; Stein 1987; 22–23: Stern 1965; Kanaev 1968; Strandskov & Ondina 19476; Allee et al. 19496; Lègarè 1972. 2n is sample size. 3¥signifies that as the fertility increases, reproductive success (RS) as a function of u(x) is not maximized at its definite value but increases infinitely, so that it is impossible to calculate the fertility optimum x0. 4Values for both classes of ewes together. 5Values for both classes of humans together. 6Quoted from Lack 1954.
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